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Vote dilution claims, which usually include redistricting schemes or at-large voting systems, have produced a complicated judicial teaching arising from numerous high-profile Supreme Court decisions. Legal history of the change to Section 2, mostly in the form of a Senate Judiciary Committee report, provided a variety of factors that courts could consider in assessing the totality of the scenarios.

Gingles, the Supreme Court reviewed these consider clarifying the test for a vote dilution claim.  video ranking academy review  held that an effective claim requires showing that: (1) the impacted minority group is sufficiently big to elect a representative of its choice; (2) the minority group is politically cohesive; and (3) white bulk voters vote sufficiently as a bloc to generally defeat the minority group's favored prospects.

De, Grandy, 1994), and that, to satisfy the first Gingles requirement, the minority group need to show that it could constitute a bulk in some theoretical district, not merely that it might serve as the swing vote in a competitive district (Bartlett v. Strickland, 2009). Other cases (including Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Board of Elections and Cooper v.